Educational psychology helps us understand learning by examining the cognitive, emotional, and social processes that shape how people acquire knowledge and develop skills. One idea highlighted in this course is George Reese’s notion of “productive s...More

Behaviorism is a theory in educational psychology that focuses on how behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. One of the key concepts of behaviorism is positive reinforcement, which was popularized by B.F. Skinner. Skinner ar...More

Educational psychology helps us understand how students think, process information, and acquire knowledge. Specifically in cognitive learning, it examines mental processes such as attention, memory, problem-solving, and metacognition. This understan...More

Social and emotional conditions shape how people learn because they influence attention, memory, and motivation. When stress rises — whether from academic pressure, social conflict, or life instability — cognitive resources get redirected toward cop...More

The qualitative method plays a significant role in educational psychology. When it comes to analysis of tests a perfect example is an aptitude test. Aptitude test refers to the test that shows the person's potential. For example, you are going to te...More

One important educational counseling need is helping students manage test anxiety, a common concern that can significantly interfere with academic performance and emotional well-being. Test anxiety is more than everyday nervousness—it includes inten...More

Key Concept: Operant Conditioning

Definition: Operant conditioning is a learning process described by B.F. Skinner in which the likelihood of a behavior increases or decreases depending on the consequences that follow it

Reinforcement (positive o...More

The social mind refers to the idea that human thinking is inherently connected to other people. Our cognitive processes—like reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making—do not happen in isolation but are shaped by our interactions with others. E...More

Educational psychology helps us understand how students learn by examining both cognitive processes and emotional factors. George Reese’s idea of productive struggle highlights that learning is most effective when students experience manageable diff...More

(Social–Emotional Conditions of Learning)

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Social and emotional conditions deeply shape how young EFL learners in Taiwan participate and succeed. In my classroom, I’ve seen that students learn English best when they feel safe, supported, an...More