Educational psychology helps us understand how students think, process information, and acquire knowledge. Specifically in cognitive learning, it examines mental processes such as attention, memory, problem-solving, and metacognition. This understan...More

One important educational counseling need is helping students manage test anxiety, a common concern that can significantly interfere with academic performance and emotional well-being. Test anxiety is more than everyday nervousness—it includes inten...More

Key Concept: Operant Conditioning

Definition: Operant conditioning is a learning process described by B.F. Skinner in which the likelihood of a behavior increases or decreases depending on the consequences that follow it

Reinforcement (positive o...More

The social mind refers to the idea that human thinking is inherently connected to other people. Our cognitive processes—like reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making—do not happen in isolation but are shaped by our interactions with others. E...More

One area of the learning sciences that educational psychology contributes to is motivation in learning. Scholars such as Carol Dweck have explored how students’ beliefs about intelligence—whether they see it as fixed or malleable—affect their motiva...More