Adaptive learning is an instructional approach that uses data, technology, and ongoing assessment to adjust learning experiences to meet individual learners’ needs. Rather than delivering the same content at the same pace to all students, adaptive learning systems personalize instruction by modifying the difficulty level, learning pathway, feedback, or type of resources based on a learner’s performance and progress (Pane et al., 2015). The goal is to support more effective and efficient learning by responding to differences in prior knowledge, learning speed, and learning preferences.

Adaptive learning is often supported by digital platforms that collect real-time data through quizzes, interactions, and learning analytics. These systems identify patterns in student responses and automatically recommend next steps, such as additional practice, alternative explanations, or advanced content. According to the U.S. Department of Education (2017), adaptive learning can improve student engagement and outcomes when aligned with clear learning objectives and thoughtful instructional design.

Example 

An example of adaptive learning can be seen in an online mathematics platform such as Khan Academy. As students work through math problems, the system analyzes their answers and the time they take to respond. If a student struggles with a particular concept, such as fractions, the platform provides additional practice questions, hints, or instructional videos. If the student demonstrates mastery, the system advances them to more challenging topics. This personalized pathway ensures that each learner receives instruction suited to their current level of understanding.

Adaptive learning is also used in language-learning applications, where vocabulary and grammar exercises are adjusted based on learner accuracy and repetition needs, helping students focus on areas that require the most support.

Visual and Media Examples

Diagram explaining adaptive learning systems:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Adaptive-learning-system-framework_fig1_335561706
Short explanatory video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8pYQmKJHn2Y

References

Pane, J. F., Steiner, E. D., Baird, M. D., & Hamilton, L. S. (2015). Continued progress: Promising evidence on personalized learning. RAND Corporation.

https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1365.html

U.S. Department of Education. (2017). Reimagining the role of technology in education.

https://tech.ed.gov/netp/