Standardized tests are at their best when they are used to provide reliable, comparable data across large groups, measure clearly defined skills, and support decisions that require fairness and consistency (such as college placement or certification). They work well when the skills being assessed are objective, measurable, and stable—like mathematical procedures, reading comprehension, or specific academic standards. They are also useful for identifying broad trends in achievement, evaluating programs, and ensuring accountability.

Standardized tests are at their worst when they are used to make high-stakes decisions without considering contextual factors, or when they attempt to measure complex abilities—like creativity, critical thinking, collaboration, or deep understanding—that are not easily captured with fixed-response formats. They can disadvantage students from marginalized linguistic or cultural backgrounds, encourage “teaching to the test,” and sometimes prioritize memorization over meaningful learning.