Option #1: For this update, I'd like to introduce the work of Olivier Houdé, Professor of Psychology at the University of Paris, and more specifically the arguments and experiments described in his book "3-System Theory of the Cognitive Brain - A Post-Piagetian Approach to Cognitive Development".

One of Houdé's starting point in his research is analysis of the nature of mistakes and biases.

In a strict Piagetian view of the development of the brain, once a stage has been attained, the type of thinking assumption associated with a previous stage should not occur, as the development is irreversible. However mistakes in reasoning and false assumptions are frequently seen in adults, who are supposed to have attained the last levels of brain development.

In order to explain such mistakes and other biases, he builds upon the work of Kahneman and Evans, who had described and experimentally identified 2 different reasoning systems in our brain, usually called System 1 and System 2. System 1 is the fast, automatic "intuitive" decision making system. System 2 on the other hand is the rational, logical, analystical thinking system, which is usually more reliable, but however slower to operate.

Houdé's hypothesis was to introduce and experimentally demonstrate the presence of a third system, System 3, whose goal is to inhibit the automatic response of System 1, to let System 2 take the upper hand in decision making. The stages of evolution as described by Piaget can thus be explained by the progressive strengthening of System 3 throughout he years, and thus an evolution towards a more logical and sound reasoning.

He places this system 3 in the prefrontal cortex, an area well known for developping slowly in children up until adolescence.

References:

Houdé Olivier (2019) "3-System Theory of the Cognitive Brain - A Post-Piagetian Approach to Cognitive Development" (https://www.routledge.com/3-System-Theory-of-the-Cognitive-Brain-A-Post-Piagetian-Approach-to-Cognitive/Houde/p/book/9781138069701)