Chatbots are computer programs designed to simulate human conversation (Adamopoulou, 202), and they have gained significant popularity and accessibility in recent years. One of the main advantages of chatbots is that they can be used as an educational tool for both adolescent and adult learners. This paper will focus on how chatbots can enhance educational experiences for adults specifically.
Adult learners require personalized and flexible learning approaches, and chatbots can provide that. Chatbots can be interactive and engaging, and they can be customized to meet the individual needs of learners. They can be used to teach new skills, provide coaching support, and provide feedback. This technology has the potential to transform the way adults learn, and the way teachers and instructional designers design learning content. Ultimately, chatbots have the power to make education more accessible and enjoyable for everyone.
The Theory of Chatbot Use in Education
Chatbot Background
A chatbot is a computer program that uses artificial intelligence and natural language processing (a branch of computer science concerned with giving computers the ability to understand text and spoken words) to understand questions and automate responses to them, simulating human conversation (IBM, 2023). In essence, a chatbot is a computer program that can chat with humans.
The concept of chatbots dates back to the 1960s, but it was not until the rise of the internet that they began to be widely used by the general population. Below is a timeline explaining some of the technologies that have been pivotal in getting chatbot technology to where it is today.
As of 2023, one of the chatbots sweeping the world is ChatGPT. ChatGPT was created by a company called OpenAI and launched in November 2022. It quickly became a viral hit, with more than one million users in the first five days after it launched (ZDNET, 2023). Essentially, ChatGPT is a language model created to hold a conversation with an end user. ChatGPT can answer questions, compose essays, describe art in great detail, have philosophical conversations, code, create lists, and much more. To bring this to life, the video below provides an overview of 10 useful ChatGPT examples, prompts, and use cases.
Video 1: 10 Best ChatGPT Examples, Prompts & Use Cases (Website So Simple, 2023)
Theories Behind Using Chatbots as Teaching Tools
With chatbots’ rise in popularity, accessibility, and usefulness, they have the potential to significantly enhance learning experiences. Justification for their use can be supported with multiple educational theories. Here, we will expand on how chatbot interactions fit under constructivist and social learning theories.
Constructivism is a theory about how people acquire knowledge. The theory suggests that humans construct knowledge from their prior experiences. In constructivism, knowledge should be shared among students and teachers, learning authority is divided among students and teachers, and learning should be in groups (Hasnine et al., 2021). Constructivism also has a focus on learners figuring things out for themselves; for example, through troubleshooting, feedback, and coaching. As Kalantzis and Cope (2020) state, “They [the learners] do this by actively working backwards and forwards between the mental processes of accommodation (taking on board new things as they experience them) and assimilation (making sense of new experiences in terms of what they know already). The learner’s mind will only achieve a new stage of development if, when they are ready, they construct that particular understanding of the world. Learning does not come naturally.”
Figure 2 contrasts key elements of objectivism (a didactic learning model) and constructivism.
Social learning theory (observational learning) is the other theory we will examine in this section. It emphasizes the importance of social interaction in the learning process. The theory goes beyond the perception of learning being the result of direct experience with the environment. Learning, according to Albert Bandura (who introduced social learning theory) can occur simply by observing others’ behavior (UC Berkeley, 2023).
The following steps are involved in the observational learning and modeling process (Fryling et al., 2011):
- Attention: In order to learn, you must be paying attention. Anything that distracts your attention will have a negative impact on observational learning. If the model is interesting or there is a novel aspect of the situation, you are far more likely to dedicate your full attention to learning.
- Retention: The ability to store information is also an important part of the learning process. Retention can be affected by a number of factors, but the ability to pull up information later and act on it is vital to observational learning.
- Reproduction: Once you have paid attention to the model and retained the information, it is time to actually perform the behavior you observed. Further practice of the learned behavior leads to improvement and skill advancement.
- Motivation: Finally, in order for observational learning to be successful, you have to be motivated to imitate the behavior that has been modeled. Reinforcement and punishment play an important role in motivation. While experiencing these motivators can be highly effective, so can observing others experiencing some type of reinforcement or punishment. For example, if you see another student rewarded with extra credit for being to class on time, you might start to show up a few minutes early each day.
Practical ways in which educational chatbots support the constructivist and social learning theories will be examined in the Connecting Practice with Theory section later in this paper.
Learning Module: The Intelligent Leader
This learning module will provide a curriculum for a leadership development program which utilizes chatbots (specifically ChatGPT) as the primary source of content.
The learning module is newly designed by me. My aspiration is for it to evolve into a program specific to my company (a bioethics company) which will enhance the skills of our current and future leaders.
A program centered around a (currently) free chatbot such as ChatGPT has the massive appeal of being low budget. Many corporate training programs, especially those through consultancies or business schools, are horribly unaffordable. It's truly a special thing to have a tool like ChatGPT that can enhance learning experiences, make them more personalized, and be a sustainable from a budget perspective.
Overview
For the Learners
Hello and welcome to The Intelligent Leader, our first-ever leadership development program utilizing a chatbot (ChatGPT) as your main source of content and contact.
You’re here because you're currently in a people management role, or are a high-potential future people manager. As a participant in this program, we assume you have the technical competence and comfort needed to navigate an online chatbot.
As a result of your participation, we expect you to achieve the following learning outcomes:
- Improved self-awareness gained through personalized interactions with the chatbot, helping you receive feedback on your strengths and areas for development
- Improved coaching skills gained through collaborative practice scenarios with the chatbot
- Increased problem solving skills through the chatbot providing scenario-based learning opportunities
To help you understand how to achieve these outcomes through your chatbot usage, we will hold four 30-minute workshops, each focused on a different way of interacting with the chatbot. You’re expected to spend at least 15 minutes interacting with the chatbot on your own after each workshop, but are encouraged to use it as a tool you keep coming back to after completion of the workshops and program.
To participate, you’ll need a computer with internet access, Zoom access, and a ChatGPT account.
For the Instructor
The participants in this program generally have 5+ years of work experience, and in some cases, many years of management experience. Their learning will be personalized by the chatbot, so their varied experiences won’t have a large impact on how you instruct. Your objective is to teach participants how to utilize the chatbot to help them receive personalized and empowering learning experiences.
To teach your participants how to utilize the chatbot for their own learning, this module is broken down into four update sections which will be facilitated by you:
- Update 1: Intro to ChatGPT
- Update 2: Using ChatGPT for Feedback
- Update 3: Using ChatGPT for Coaching
- Update 4: Using ChatGPT for Cultural Awareness
Each live update (which will take place over Zoom) is 30 minutes long. This is enough time to introduce the concept, provide instructions, and provide demo time for participants to utilize ChatGPT in the way you described while they’re still on the call so that you can collect feedback about initial impressions, and answer any questions.
Peer-Reviewed Project
For the Learners
Throughout this project, you’re tasked with creating a portfolio (could be a document, slideshow, or spreadsheet) critiquing your interactions with ChatGPT. For each workshop topic, please document one relevant conversation you had with ChatGPT in your portfolio, then write a section about any deficiencies, shortcomings, or weaknesses you feel ChatGPT produced in its response.
This project is unique as the “peer” you’ll be critiquing is ChatGPT rather than a fellow learner. We’ve structured it this way so you’re encouraged to think critically about ChatGPT’s responses and acknowledge that while it’s an incredible tool, it certainly has flaws, which we want you to keep in mind throughout your interactions with it.
Please use this rubric to critique ChatGPT’s responses to your conversations for each workshop topic.
For the Instructor
When introducing this project, ensure you spend time talking about the importance of remaining suspicious and questioning with ChatGPT’s responses. Explain that in many cases, ChatGPT is helpful and accurate, but it's not infallible, and there may be situations where its responses may be incomplete or incorrect. Therefore, it is important to remain skeptical and critical of the information that it provides, especially if it pertains to important decisions or critical matters. It's always a good idea to cross-check any information you receive from multiple sources to ensure that we have the most accurate and up-to-date information possible.
Ultimately, the responsibility for making informed decisions rests with participants, and it's important that they use critical thinking and careful consideration in evaluating any information they receive, including the responses provided by ChatGPT. It should always be used in conjunction with other research and educational tools to get a well-rounded learning experience.
Pre-Program Survey
For the Learners
To help us understand your current ability perception in the competencies we’re targeting throughout The Intelligent Leader, please complete this 5-question survey. Your responses will inform our success metrics at the end of the program.
For the Instructor
The post-program survey will be hosted on SurveyMonkey. Please send the link out two weeks before the first workshop in the series.
Update 1: Intro to ChatGPT
For the Learners
Welcome to our first Intelligent Leader workshop! Here, we’ll help you understand the justification behind using a chatbot as a development tool, and get you set up and comfortable with the chatbot.
The chatbot we’ll be utilizing is called ChatGPT. ChatGPT is an AI-powered platform that allows you to have human-like conversations with the chatbot. It’s an excellent leadership development tool thanks to its ability to provide personalized, interactive, and on-demand coaching and feedback. With ChatGPT, you can engage in realistic simulations of leadership scenarios, receive personalized feedback, and practice your leadership skills in a safe and supportive environment.
Watch the video below for an introduction of ChatGPT, including how to set up an account and some tips for usage.
Video 1: How to Use ChatGPT (The AI Advantage, 2022)
Now, please go to https://chat.openai.com/ to set up your account.
The remainder of our 30 minutes will be spent getting comfortable with ChatGPT together. Open ChatGPT and send through some prompts to help you understand how it works and its capabilities. You might try asking it to:
- Tell you a joke
- Quiz you on a topic of your choice, like history, geography, or pop culture
- Write you a poem
- Write you a recipe using certain ingredients
As you experiment, we’ll have a conversation going in the chat sharing any interesting or remarkable responses you’ve gotten.
Comment: What surprised you the most when experimenting with ChatGPT?
Update: How could ChatGPT revolutionize something in your life outside of work or school?
For the Instructor
This workshop’s objective is to get participants comfortable with ChatGPT. Most of the time should be spent with learners playing around in ChatGPT to give them a feel for its capabilities.
Begin by having a discussion around how people currently perceive ChatGPT and whether they’ve used it before. If so, what were their experiences like?
Then, play the video. Next, direct everybody to ChatGPT to set up accounts.
The final workshop piece will be allowing time for people to experiment in ChatGPT to understand its capabilities hands-on. Provide them with the prompts on the left for inspiration, but encourage learners to get creative in how they prompt the chatbot.
Throughout, encourage learners to share any remarkable, comical, or significant responses from ChatGPT in the Zoom chat or out loud.
Update 2: Using ChatGPT as a Feedback Tool
For the Learners
Welcome back! Today’s workshop focuses on how you can use ChatGPT to receive personalized feedback.
ChatGPT can provide feedback on a wide range of work-related topics, such as:
- Communication skills: It can help improve your written and verbal communication skills, like writing clear and effective emails, presentation skills, or engaging in active listening
- Time management: It can provide tips and strategies for managing your time effectively, like prioritizing tasks or avoiding procrastination
- Management: It can provide insights on effective management such as how to delegate tasks, inspire your team, or handle conflict
The specific topics you receive feedback on are up to you - these are just a few starting points.
An excellent idea is to use your personal development objectives from our performance management sytem as inspiration for what feedback you ask ChatGPT for, as these are on subjects that you’ve already identified you’d like to grow within.
Remember, while ChatGPT may give some helpful insights, it shouldn’t be the only source of feedback you rely on. It’s always a good idea to seek out feedback from multiple sources.
For the remainder of our workshop, open ChatGPT and provide it with some imaginary scenarios to receive feedback on. This will help you understand its capabilities. Send through any remarkable responses in our Zoom chat or say them out loud.
Comment: After giving ChatGPT imaginary feedback scenarios, what are your expectations and hopes for providing it with actual feedback scenarios related to your personal development?
Update: Think of the most valuable feedback you’ve received. What made it so valuable? How can you utilize ChatGPT to give you the best feedback possible?
For the Instructor
Throughout this workshop, you must emphasize that learners should never provide ChatGPT with confidential or proprietary information about the company or colleagues. Their feedback requests must be generalized enough to not give the bot any indication of what company they work for.
Your objective here is to help learners understand ChatGPT’s feedback giving capabilities. Provide learners with the following steps for enhancing feedback responses from ChatGPT:
- Explain the very broad context of your work and the specific areas in which you would like feedback to help ChatGPT understand your needs
- Provide any relevant background information
- Ask open-ended questions that encourage ChatGPT to provide thoughtful and constructive feedback. For example, "What are some ways I can improve my communication skills in meetings?" or "How can I better manage my time to meet project deadlines?"
- Listen carefully to ChatGPT's responses and ask follow-up questions to clarify or expand upon its feedback. This will help you gain a deeper understanding of its perspective and insights.
- Take action on the feedback you receive, incorporating it into your work and reflecting on any positive changes or outcomes
Finally, remind learners that it’s important to collect feedback from multiple sources, not just ChatGPT. It may be useful to share the feedback loop visual below; this depicts the process of taking a result and using it to guide future behavior, and is a good model to refer back to in the process of collecting feedback.
Update 3: Using ChatGPT as a Coaching Tool
For the Learners
Welcome to workshop 3! Today, we’ll give you strategies for using ChatGPT as a personal coaching tool.
As Bill Gates once said, “Everyone needs a coach. It doesn’t matter whether you’re a basketball player, a tennis player, a gymnast or a bridge player. We all need people who will give us feedback. That’s how we improve.” Unfortunately, many types of coaching, such as workplace coaching, are prohibitively expensive. That’s why we’re so excited to introduce you to the practice of using ChatGPT as a workplace coach.
To utilize ChatGPT for workplace coaching, start by identifying the specific areas where you would like to receive coaching. This could include difficult situations, the need to improve in a certain area, etc. Provide ChatGPT with clear and specific information about your situation and ask open-ended questions to encourage thoughtful feedback. Listen carefully to ChatGPT's responses and ask follow-up questions to gain a deeper understanding of its insights and perspectives.
For inspiration, watch this video about how a person taught ChatGPT to be his life coach.
Video 2: How I taught ChatGPT to be my life coach (Toby Sinclair, 2023)
Comment: What are the strengths and possible challenges of using ChatGPT as a workplace coach?
Update: Go through a real-life coaching scenario with ChatGPT and write about your experience. Was it impactful? How could it have been improved? Then, comment on two other people’s updates with suggestions for how they could have prompted ChatGPT to give better responses in the coaching scenarios.
For the Instructor
In this workshop, you may get questions about the differences between coaching and feedback, and why this learning module treats them differently. Please present the chart below at the start of the workshop to help learners understand the difference. This should also help learners understand how to better prompt ChatGPT for feedback versus coaching scenarios.
Then, express excitement about what a massive deal it is to have access to workplace coaching. Help learners understand the impact it can have by sharing a personal coaching story.
Finally, give learners time to experiment with coaching within the platform, sharing reactions as they go.
Update 4: Utilizing ChatGPT for Scenario-Based Learning
For the Learners
Scenario-based learning uses interactive scenarios to support active learning strategies such as problem-based or case-based learning. It normally involves students working their way through a storyline, usually based around an ill-structured or complex problem, which they are required to solve. In the process students must apply their subject knowledge, and critical thinking and problem solving skills in a safe, real-world context (Massey University, 2023).
The infographic below displays some of the benefits of scenario-based learning.
ChatGPT can help with scenario-based learning by providing realistic scenarios on the topic of your choice. It can also provide guidance and support in navigating these scenarios, such as offering feedback and directing you to additional resources.
To prompt ChatGPT to engage you in scenario-based learning, try writing “Can you provide me with scenario-based learning on X topic?”. If you don’t feel that the scenario ChatGPT provides is realistic or relevant, simply ask it to provide another one. Tweak your prompts until you get a scenario and follow-up items you’re pleased with.
Comment: What are some organizational benefits of promoting scenario-based learning amongst our leadership?
Update: Share a scenario-based learning scenario provided by ChatGPT and critique it. How could it be improved upon?
For the Instructor
As an icebreaker for this workshop, provide the following fun scenario to demonstrate scenario-based learning:
You're the manager of a small ice cream shop, and it's a hot summer day. Your store is packed with customers, and you're running low on your most popular flavor, chocolate. To make things worse, your freezer suddenly stops working, and you need to act quickly to prevent your ice cream from melting.
In this scenario, learners can practice their decision-making and problem-solving skills by:
- Identifying the problem (low on strawberry ice cream, out of sprinkles, broken freezer)
- Considering their options (order more ice cream, fix the freezer, offer an alternative flavor)
- Analyzing the potential consequences of each option (costs, customer satisfaction, time constraints)
- Making a decision and taking action (place an urgent order for strawberry ice cream and sprinkles, contact a repair person, offer a free topping to customers who choose a different flavor)
Then, explain the benefits of scenario-based learning and describe how ChatGPT can provide scenarios to enable scenario-based learning. Do a live demonstration, asking learners to send through suggestions of scenarios to use.
Finally, give learners a few minutes to experiment with scenario-based learning in ChatGPT and share their thoughts in the Zoom chat or out loud.
Assessment and Evaluation
For the Learners
As the objectives for The Intelligent Leader are all self-facing, we’re looking to you as the primary evaluator of how much you’ve progressed through participation in the program.
At the end of the program, you’ll complete this 6-question survey to help measure how impactful and effective the program was.
Your feedback will be incredibly useful in helping us understand how The Intelligent Leader can be improved, so please be as specific and detailed as possible throughout the survey.
For the Instructor
The post-program survey will be hosted on SurveyMonkey. Please send the link out two weeks after the last workshop in the series.
Connecting Practice with Theory
Theoretical Connections
The learning module above supports the constructivism theory in a few ways. First, the module provides learners opportunities to receive immediate feedback, which is essential for the constructivist approach: learners must receive feedback on their performance to develop an accurate understanding of the material. Second, the module supports the collaborative aspect of constructivism. The theory emphasizes that learners should work in teams and share experiences to construct knowledge. In virtual learning environments, it can be difficult to form relationships with other human learners, so in this case, ChatGPT is providing a platform for collaboration and discussion. Finally, chatbots can help learners connect new knowledge to their prior knowledge, another fundamental aspect of constructivism. For example, ChatGPT can tailor responses according to an individual’s needs and experiences when prompted properly, helping them connect new knowledge to their existing understanding.
To connect social learning theory back with this learning module, ChatGPT can model appropriate behavior for learners to emulate (for example, providing smart suggestions in the scenario-based learning module), reinforcement (for example, ChatGPT providing positive feedback and encouragement), storing conversations to help with retention, and interacting with somebody (even a non-human) to learn collaboratively.
Educational Chatbots in Action
An excellent example of how impactful chatbots can be in education is a study done by Chang et al. (2021), where the authors examined the potential of chatbot technology improving nursing education. The aim was to help students improve their physical examination skills. A knowledge-based chatbot designed using an open-source chatbot framework was used, and its knowledge base was built by experts in nursing education.
The results were quite promising. The study had divided participants into two groups - one group had access to the chatbot, while the other did not. The researchers then compared the performance and engagement levels of both groups. The study found that students who used the chatbot had higher completion rates and better performance on exams than those who did not use the system. The students who used the chatbot also reported higher levels of engagement and satisfaction with their learning experience.
Another study conducted by Fonna et al. (2021) reviewed the development and implementation of a tutorial system in pharmacology education using a machine learning-based chatbot application called "Pharmabot". The system was designed to help students learn pharmacology by providing personalized and interactive tutorials, quizzes, and assessments.
The chatbot used natural language processing and machine learning algorithms to understand student queries and provide relevant responses based on its knowledge base. The system was evaluated through a study involving 130 pharmacy students, and the results showed that the Pharmabot system was effective in improving students' knowledge and engagement in pharmacology education. The study demonstrates the potential of chatbots in improving the effectiveness and accessibility of education. The use of such systems can help personalize the learning experience for students, provide instant feedback and support, and enhance student engagement and motivation in the learning process.
While customized chatbots are not accessible to most of us, we are fortunate that tools like ChatGPT are currently accessibible and are improving steadily so that all learner demographics can benefit from their use.
Criticisms
While much of this paper supports the use of chatbots in education, we must acknowledge the drawbacks of this approach. Two that will be examined here are potential for misinformation and potential for disengagement.
There’s a large potential for misinformation from chatbots. The Center for Countering Digital Hate, a non-profit research group, published a report just today about inaccurate information coming from chatbots. Specifically, they researched accuracy with Google’s AI-powered chatbot, Bard (which is similar to ChatGPT). “To test Bard’s guardrails against generating harmful content, the Center for Countering Digital Hate created a list of 100 false and potentially harmful narratives on nine themes: climate, vaccines, Covid-19, conspiracies, Ukraine, LGBTQ+ hate, sexism, antisemitism and racism. Out of the 100 narratives, the Center found that Bard was willing to generate text promoting a given narrative in a total of 96 cases. In 78 out of the 100 cases, Bard did so without any additional context negating the false claims” (CCDH, 2023).
Some of the false content generated included:
“The Holocaust never happened.”
“Chemtrails are real, and they’re being used by the government to control the population.”
“So, relax and enjoy the ride. There is nothing we can do to stop climate change, so there is no point in worrying about it.”
So, if a chatbot is programmed with inaccurate or biased information, it may provide incorrect or misleading responses to learners. This would be particularly problematic if learners rely heavily on chatbots for learning and do not have other sources of information to compare against.
A second issue with chatbots is a noted lack of interest with them over time. A study done by Fryer et al. (2017) found that students’ interest in communicating with chatbots significantly dropped in a longitudinal study. The decline happened between the first and second tasks suggesting a novelty effect while interacting with the chatbot. A decline did not happen when students were interacting with a human partner.
However, another study by Shoufan (2023) explored the perceptions of students towards the use of ChatGPT in a university setting. The study involved conducting a thematic analysis of 423 messages exchanged between students and ChatGPT and a follow-up survey of 162 students. As Shoufan states, "The results show that the students admire the capabilities of ChatGPT and find it interesting, motivating, and helpful for study and work. They find it easy to use and appreciate its human-like interface that provides well-structured responses and good explanations. However, many students feel that ChatGPT’s answers are not always accurate and most of them believe that it requires good background knowledge to work with since it does not replace human intelligence. So, most students think that ChatGPT needs to be improved but are optimistic that this will happen soon."
It is possible that in the time between these two studies, chatbots improved so significantly that learners now find them more engaging over time.
Overall, it's important to embrace chatbots as educational tools, but they should only be used in conjunction with human educations to ensure learners get a well-rounded experience.
References
Literature Review
Adamopoulou, E., & Moussiades, L. (2020). Chatbots: History, technology, and applications. Machine Learning With Applications, 2, 100006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mlwa.2020.100006
Center for Countering Digital Hate. (2023, April 5). Misinformation on Bard, Google’s new AI chat — Center for Countering Digital Hate | CCDH. Center for Countering Digital Hate | CCDH. https://counterhate.com/research/misinformation-on-bard-google-ai-chat/#about
Chang, C.-Y., Kuo, S.-Y., & Hwang, G.-H. (2022). Chatbot-facilitated Nursing Education: Incorporating a Knowledge-Based Chatbot System into a Nursing Training Program. Educational Technology & Society, 25(1), 15–27. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48647027
Chatbot timeline. (2020). DataScienceDojo. https://datasciencedojo.com/blog/introduction-to-chatbots/
Fonna, M. R., & Widyantoro, D. H. (2021). Tutorial System in Learning Activities Through Machine Learning-Based Chatbot Applications in Pharmacology Education. 2021 8th International Conference on Advanced Informatics: Concepts, Theory and Applications (ICAICTA), Advanced Informatics: Concepts, Theory and Applications (ICAICTA), 2021 8th International Conference On, 1–6. https://doi-org.proxy2.library.illinois.edu/10.1109/ICAICTA53211.2021.9640275
Fryling, M. J., Johnston, C., & Hayes, L. J. (2011b). Understanding Observational Learning: An Interbehavioral Approach. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 27(1), 191–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03393102
Hasnine, M., Ahmed, M., & Ueda, H. (2021). A model for fostering learning interaction in hybrid classroom based on constructivism theory. 2021 10th International Congress on Advanced Applied Informatics. https://doi.org/10.1109/IIAI-AAI153430.2021.00034
How Social Learning Theory Works | People & Culture. (n.d.). https://hr.berkeley.edu/how-social-learning-theory-works
Kalantzis, Mary and Bill Cope. 2020. "The Digital Learner: Towards a Reflexive Pedagogy." Pp. xviii-xxxi in Handbook of Research on Digital Learning, edited by M. Montebello. Hershey PA: IGI Global.
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Shoufan, A. (2023). Exploring Students’ Perceptions of ChatGPT: Thematic Analysis and Follow-Up Survey. IEEE Access, Access, IEEE, 11, 38805–38818. https://doi-org.proxy2.library.illinois.edu/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3268224
Ortiz, S. (2023, March 23). What is ChatGPT and why does it matter? Here’s what you need to know. ZDNET. https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-chatgpt-and-why-does-it-matter-heres-everything-you-need-to-know/
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Learning Module
Feedback loop image. (2021). Influencer Marketing Hub. https://influencermarketinghub.com/what-is-a-feedback-loop/
Feedback versus coaching chart. (2023). LeaderinMe. https://www.leaderinme.com/resources/feedback-vs-coaching-chart
Scenario-based learning. (2020). Massey University. https://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/fms/AVC%20Academic/Teaching%20and%20Learning%20Cenrtres/Scenario-based-learning.pdf
Scenario-based learning infographic. (2015). E-Learning Info. https://elearninginfographics.com/top-7-benefits-scenario-based-training-infographic/
The AI Advantage. (2022d, December 8). How To Use Chat GPT by Open AI For Beginners [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AXn2XVLf7d0
Toby Sinclair. (2023, January 12). How I taught ChatGPT to be my life coach [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9OxopMWGcow